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1.
Rev. invest. clín ; 72(4): 198-212, Jul.-Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1251857

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the likelihood of developing cervical cancer (CC). A plethora of cellular processes is required to produce pre-malignant lesions, which in turn may become malignant if left untreated. Those changes are induced by viral oncoproteins, which represent an ideal target to identify the viral presence, or by some particularities of the host that ultimately promote the establishment of CC. This article describes the different methods used for HPV detection and quantification, as well as the current trend of secondary screening approaches to detect premalignant lesions and CC. In addition, we analyzed validated biomarkers and those under clinical investigation for the classification (triage) of women at risk of developing CC after an initial positive HPV test and that could be used as prognostic biomarkers for CC. The use of molecular biomarkers, together with the detection of HPV DNA sequences, provides a high impact diagnostic and prognostic tool in the detection of patients at increased risk of developing CC and also may guide their clinical management. In addition, some of those biomarkers could represent pharmacological targets for the future design of therapeutic approaches to CC treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Alphapapillomavirus , Biomarkers , Triage
2.
Rev. invest. clín ; 58(4): 335-349, jul.-ago. 2006. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632381

ABSTRACT

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces a sequence-specific silencing in eukaryotic cells. This silencing process beggins when long dsRNA is cleaved to 21 to 26 long small RNA by means of the RNAse III-type enzyme Dicer. These small dsRNA are included into silencing effector complexes, that are targeted to complementary sequences. Small RNA dependent gene silencing can be achieved by distinct mechanisms based depending mainly on the nature of target sequences and on the proteins present in the effector complex. The route of interference RNA (RNAi) begins when Dicer yields small interference RNA (siR-NA) that bind to complementary mRNA for its degradation, forming the RISC complex. siRNA are naturally formed from transposons and dsRNA viruses during its replication, as well as from other bidirectional transcribed repetitive sequences. Some of the enzymes thar are part of the RNAi machinery, including Dicer, are encoded by multigene families in many species, that also play a role in other mechanisms of RND-dependent gene silencing. MicroRNA's (miRNA) are other small RNA's that can induce gene silencing at the mRNA level. These are formed in a general manner when Dicer process hairpin structures resulting from the transcription of non-coding sequences from plant and animal genomes. miRNA's are integrated into a RISC-like complex, after which, depending on their degree of complementarity with target mRNA, can either repress translation or induce mRNA degradation. miRNA-dependent silencing is essential for the development of multicellular organisms. Artificial RNAi induction by means of siRNA or miRNA is being used as a tool to inactivate gene expression in culture cells and in living organisms. This review focuses on the progress in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in gene regulation by RNA in animals and details some current efforts to apply theses phenomena as a tool in research and in the therapeutic of human diseases.


El RNA de doble cadena puede inducir un silenciamiento secuencia-específico en eucarionte. Este proceso de silenciamiento se inicia cuando el RNAdc largo es procesado a RNA pequeño de 21 a 26 nucleótidos mediante la enzima RNAsa III Dicer. Estos RNA pequeños se incorporan a complejos efectores de silenciamiento, que son guiados a secuencias complementarias blanco. Existen diferentes tipos de silenciamiento, cuyas diferencias se basan principalmente en la naturaleza de la secuencia blanco y en la composición proteica de los complejos efectores. La ruta del RNA de interferencia (RNAi) se inicia cuando Dicer genera pequeños RNA de interferencia (siRNA) que se unen por complementariedad al mRNA para su degradación, utilizando el complejo RISC. De manera natural, los siRNA se originan de transposones y virus que producen RNAdc durante su replicación, así como también de otras secuencias repetidas transcritas bidireccionalmente. Algunas de las enzimas que conforman la maquinaria del RNAi como Dicer, entre otras, son codificadas por familias multigénicas en varias especies y también participan en otros mecanismos de silenciamiento mediado por RNA. Los microRNA son otros RNA pequeños que pueden inducir silenciamiento al unirse al mRNA. Éstos se generan de manera general cuando Dicer procesa estructuras de horquilla compuestas de regiones no codificantes, en genomas de plantas y animales. Los miRNA se incorporan a un complejo similar a RISC y, dependiendo de su grado de complementariedad con el mRNA blanco, pueden tener represión traduccional o bien digerir el mRNA. El silenciamiento mediado por miRNA es esencial para el desarrollo de plantas y animales. La inducción artificial del RNAi mediante siRNA o miRNA ha sido adoptada como una herramienta para inactivar la expresión génica, tanto en células en cultivo como en organismos vivos. En esta revisión se muestra el gran progreso en el entendimiento de los mecanismos que participan en la regulación génica mediada por RNA en animales y detalla algunos esfuerzos actuales para encauzar a estos mecanismos como una herramienta en la investigación y como posible terapia en enfermedades.


Subject(s)
Humans , MicroRNAs/metabolism , RNA Interference/physiology , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , MicroRNAs/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
3.
Rev. invest. clín ; 58(3): 254-264, June-May- 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632350

ABSTRACT

In the modern society, cancer remains an important cause of death. Cancer development is a very complex process that involves alterations in genes regulating cellular growth. Among these alterations or variations, are included point mutations, genetic susceptibility by single nucleotide polymorphisms or "SNP" and alteration or loss in tumor suppressor genes functions. The tumor suppressor TP53 is one of the most important and studied genes on cancer genetics. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that TP53 present mutations in more than 50% of all types of human cancer and encodes a multifunctional protein whose absence contributes to genomic instability, the accumulation of mutations and increased tumor development. The identification of such alterations in cancerous cells at level of single nucleotide is very important, because its implication in the loss or alteration in the function of this gene, its clinical relevance and finally, its association with response to therapy and prognosis. Due to the large interesting issue, in this work we are focused only in two of the most common genetic variations present in this gene: the point mutations and SNP remarking some outstanding molecular characteristics needed for design its analysis.


El cáncer continúa siendo una importante causa de muerte en la sociedad moderna. Los procesos en el desarrollo del cáncer son muy complejos e involucran alteraciones en genes implicados en la proliferación celular. Entre estas alteraciones o variaciones genéticas se incluyen las mutaciones puntuales, la susceptibilidad genética por polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido o "SNP", así como la pérdida o alteración en la función de genes supresores de tumores. El gen supresor de tumores TP53 es uno de los genes más importantes y estudiados en la genética del cáncer, ya que se encuentra mutado en más del 50% de todos los tipos de cáncer humano y codifica para una proteína multifuncional cuya deficiencia contribuye a la inestabilidad genómica que conduce a la acumulación de mutaciones y a la aceleración en el desarrollo del tumor. Es importante el estudio de dichas alteraciones genéticas presentes en las células cancerosas que puedan ser detectadas a nivel de un solo nucleótido, por su implicación en la pérdida o alteración en la función del gen TP53, así como por la relevancia clínica que ellas puedan tener al ser asociadas a la respuesta de una terapia particular o al pronóstico. Debido a la extensión de este trabajo solamente revisaremos dos de las variaciones genéticas importantes en este gen: las mutaciones puntuales y los SNP, haciendo ánfasis en algunas características moleculares que son relevantes en el diseño de estrategias de análisis para su detección.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cocarcinogenesis , DNA Mutational Analysis , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genomic Instability , Loss of Heterozygosity , Mutation, Missense , Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics , Point Mutation , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Protein Structure, Tertiary , /chemistry , /deficiency , /physiology
4.
Rev. invest. clín ; 57(3): 434-441, may.-jun. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632464

ABSTRACT

High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is considered to be the most important etiological factor of Cervical Uterine Cancer. In order to determine the global expression pattern and to identify possible molecular markers of cervical cancer, cDNA arrays with probe sets complementary to 8,000 human genes were used to examine the expression profiles among 5 cell lines derived from human cervical cancer, three HPV16(+) tumor samples and three normal cervical tissues HPV(-). The levels of expression of different cellular processes were identified. Hierarchical clustering was performed and the gene expression using RT-PCR was confirmed. Two genes were found to be consistently overexpressed in invasive cervical cancer biopsies; one of them, IL-6 was previously reported to be overexpressed in cervical cancer and one novel gene, MMP10, previously not known to be related to cervical cancer. Hierarchical clustering of the expression data revealed that samples with common HPV type infection grouped together, maybe this could mean that differences between HPV types could be indirectly determined by expression profiles.


La infección por virus de papiloma de alto riesgo (VPH) es considerada como el factor etiológico más importante del cáncer cérvico uterino (CaCU). Con el fin de determinar el patrón de expresión global e identificar algunos posibles genes marcadores del CaCU, se utilizaron microhileras de DNA que contenían 8,000 secuencias que codificaban para transcritos diferentes, para estudiar los perfiles de expresión de cinco líneas celulares derivadas de CaCU, tres muestras tumorales conteniendo VPH 16 y tres muestras normales negativas para la presencia de VPH. Se identificaron los niveles de expresión de genes relacionados con diferentes rutas metabólicas. Se llevó a cabo el análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico y posteriormente se confirmó la sobrexpresión de dos genes mediante RT-PCR. Estos dos genes se encontraron sobrexpresados en biopsias tumorales cervicales. Uno de ellos, el gen de IL6, que ha sido previamente reportado en relación con CaCU, así como el gen de la matriz-metaloproteasa 10 (MMP10) por primera vez relacionado con esta neoplasia. El análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico, además, reveló que las muestras que contienen el mismo tipo viral están asociadas, sugiriendo posibles diferencias en expresión entre tipos virales.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Papillomavirus Infections/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics , Biopsy , Colposcopy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology , Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor/virology , Cervix Uteri/pathology , DNA, Complementary/genetics , DNA, Neoplasm/genetics , DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification , /biosynthesis , /genetics , Metalloendopeptidases/biosynthesis , Metalloendopeptidases/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis , Premenopause , Papillomavirus Infections/metabolism , Papillomavirus Infections/pathology , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification , RNA, Neoplasm/genetics , RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification , Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/metabolism , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
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